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Randomized Controlled Trials
Lee M, Kim Y, Yoon IY, Hong JK. Effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on improving depressive symptoms in people with stress: A randomized, double-blind controlled study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2023 Nov;340:835-842. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.062. PMID: 37598716.
Park BS, Jin S, Kim WY, Kang DS, Choi YJ, Lee YS. Comparison of the effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation and midazolam as preoperative treatment in geriatric patients: A CONSORT-compliant randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Sep 2;101(35).
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Kim J, Kim H, Kim DH, et al. Effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation with novel in-ear electrodes on anxiety and resting-state brain activity: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2021 Dec;295:856-864. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.141. PMID: 34706456.
Kang HW, Kim HJ, Kim WY, et al. Effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on preoperative anxiety and blood pressure during anesthetic induction in patients with essential hypertension. The Journal of International Medical Research. 2020 Aug;48(8):300060520939370. DOI: 10.1177/0300060520939370. PMID: 32865096; PMCID: PMC7469723.
Liu EJ, Zhang WL, Wang JB, Zhao FG, Bai YP. Acupuncture combined with cranial electrotherapy stimulation on generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion. 2020 Nov;40(11):1187-1190. DOI: 10.13703/j.0255-2930.20190917-k0004. PMID: 33788486.
Ren, Y., Zhu, Y., Yang, J., & Ding, F. Efficacy of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation on Anxiety and Sleep Qualities Among Elderly Patients with Chronic Sleep Disorders. Chinese Journal Modern Nursing. 2019; 25(24).
Hill, Nolan. The Effects of Alpha Stimulation on Induced Anxiety. 2015. Digital Commons @ ACU, Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 6. http://digitalcommons.acu.edu/etd/6.
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Ou, Y. & Li, C. Sertraline combined Alpha-Stim clinical observations on the treatment of 30 cases of generalized anxiety disorder. Chinese Journal of Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacy. 2015; 24(17):73-75.
LU Ling, HU Jun. A Comparative study of anxiety disorders treatment with Paroxetine in combination with cranial electrotherapy stimulation therapy. Medical Innovation of China, 11(08):080-082, 2014.
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Barclay TH, Barclay RD. A clinical trial of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for anxiety and comorbid depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 164:171-177, 2014. Presented at the American Psychological Association National Conference, Honolulu, HI, July 2013.
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Lee, S-H, Kim, W-Y, Lee C-H, Min, T-J, Lee Y-S, Kim J-H. Effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on preoperative anxiety, pain and endocrine response. Journal of International Medical Research, 41(6) 1788–1795, 2013.
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Koleoso ON, Oswinowo HO, Akhigbe KO. (2013). The role of relaxation therapy and cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the management of Dental Anxiety in Nigeria. Files8.Design-Editor.Com, 10(4), 51–57. Retrieved December 13, 2022, from https://files8.design-editor.com/95/9553587/UploadedFiles/22FF803A-7829-F056-2A13-B9AADCDE9D59.pdf
Kolesos ON, Osionwo HO, Akkhigbe. The role of relaxation therapy and cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the management of dental anxiety in Nigeria. ISOR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2013, 10(4): 51-57.
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Strentzsch, Julie A. An examination of cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) on alpha-amylase levels, cortisol levels and state-trait anxiety scores in the chronically mentally ill. Doctoral Dissertation, Saint Mary’s University, San Antonio, Texas, 2008.
Mellen, Ronald R. and Mackey, Wade. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) and the reduction of stress symptoms in a sheriff’s jail security and patrol officer population: a pilot study. American Jails, 22(5): 32-38, 2008.
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Kim, Hyun Jung, Kim, Woon Young, Lee, Yoon Sook, Chang, Moon Seok, Kim, Jae Hwan, and Park, Young Cheol The Effect of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation on Preoperative Anxiety and Hemodynamic Responses. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 55(6): 657- 661, 2008.
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Chen Yixin, Yu Lin, Zhang Jiuping, Li Lejia, Chen Tunong, Chen Yi. Results of cranial electrotherapy stimulation to children with mixed anxiety and depressive disorder. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 19(4):203-205, 2007.
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Winick, Reid L. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES): A Safe and Effective Low Cost Means of Anxiety Control in a Dental Practice. General Dentistry, 47(1):50-55, 1999.
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Heffernan, Michael. The Effect of a Single Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation on Multiple Stress Measures. The Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients, 147:60-64, 1995. Presented at the Eighth International Montreux Congress on Stress, Montreux Switzerland, February 1996 and Patients.
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Voris, Marshall D. An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders Among Outpatient Psychiatric Patients, Impulse Control Parolees and Pedophiles. Delos Mind/Body Institute Newsletter, Dallas and Corpus Cristi, Texas, 1995.
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Overcash, Stephen J, and Siebenthall, Alan. The Effects of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation and Multisensory Cognitive Therapy on the Personality and Anxiety Levels of Substance Abuse Patients. American Journal of Electromedicine, 6(2):105-111, 1989.
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Gibson, Thomas H. and O’Hair, Donald E. Cranial Application of Low Level Transcranial Electrotherapy vs. Relaxation Instruction in Anxious Patients. American Journal of Electromedicine, 4(1):18-21, 1987. Doctoral dissertation (TG), California School of Professional Psychology, 152 pages, 1983.
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Open Clinic Trials
Chu, C. S. (2023). The effect of cranial electrotherapy stimulation as adjunctive therapy on generalized anxiety disorder in elderly: an open-label, pilot study. Brain Stimulation: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation, 16(1), 404.
Griffiths, C., da Silva, K., Jiang, H., Walker, K., Smart, D., Zafar, A., Deeks, S., Galvin, S., & Shah, T. (2023). Alpha-Stim AID cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) anxiety treatment: anxiety, depression, and health-related quality-of-life outcomes in primary health-care social prescribing services. Mental Health Review Journal. doi: 10.1108/MHRJ-11-2022-0068
Royal S, Keeling S, Kelsall N, et al. Feasibility, acceptability and costs of nurse-led Alpha-Stim cranial electrostimulation to treat anxiety and depression in university students. BMC Primary Care. 2022 Apr;23(1):97. DOI: 10.1186/s12875-022-01681-3. PMID: 35488189; PMCID: PMC9051500.
Morriss R, Price L. Differential effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on changes in anxiety and depression symptoms over time in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020, 277: 785-788.
Morriss R, Xydopoulos G, Craven M, Price L, Fordham R. Clinical effectiveness and cost minimisation model of Alpha-Stim cranial electrotherapy stimulation in treatment seeking patients with moderate to severe generalised anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2019, June; 253:426-437.
Platoni K, Oakley R, Haltiwanger SG, Kirsch TB, Marksberry J and Price LR. First responder research shows that electrical brain stimulation helps control anxiety, insomnia, and depression. JJ Psych Behav Sci. 2019; 6(1): 25-31.
Kirsch TB, Kuhn J, Price LR, Marksberry J, Haltiwanger SG. A novel medical device that relieves anxiety, depression and pain while improving sleep in a population of teachers. Journal of Depression and Anxiety. 2019; 8:334.
Morrow DJ, Fischer EP, Walder AM, Jubran NI. Nonopioid Alternatives to Addressing Pain Intensity: A Retrospective Look at Two Noninvasive Pain Treatment Devices. Federal Practitioner. 2019, 36(4):181-187.
Yennurajalingam S, Kang D-H, Hwu W-J, Padhye NS, Masino C, Dibaj SS, Liu DD, Williams JL, Lu Z, Bruera E. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for the management of depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and pain in patients with advanced cancer: a preliminary study. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. E-published ahead of print, September, 2017.
Mellen, Ronald R., Case, Jan and Ruiz, Deanna J. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) As a treatment for reducing stress and improving prefrontal cortex functioning in victims of domestic violence. International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology Newsletter. 48(3):12-15, 2016.
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Liu Yanmin, Zhang Guiqing. qEEG Study on the Treatment of ADHD with CES. Chinese Journal of Clinicians (Electronic Edition), 2011;5(8):2462-2463.
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Bystritsky, A., Kerwin, L., Feusner, J. A pilot study of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69:412-417, 2008.
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Lu XY, Wang AH, Li Y, Zhang JS, Liu BX. Safety and effectiveness of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in treating children with emotional disorders. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation, 2005; 9(8):96-7.
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Overcash, Stephen J. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in Patients Suffering from Acute Anxiety Disorders. American Journal of Electromedicine, 16(1):49-51, 1999.
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Smith, Ray B, & Shiromoto, Frank N. The Use of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation to Block Fear Perception in Phobic Patients. Journal of Current Therapeutic Research.
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Case Series and Reports
Griffiths C, Walker K, Jiang H. The experience of using Alpha-Stim AID cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) for symptoms of anxiety. F1000Res; 2023. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.128323.1.
Hare, Jean P., Misialek, Leah H., Palis, Katy and Wong, Charmin. Using Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation Therapy to Treat Behavioral Health Symptoms in a Combat Operational Setting. Military Medicine. 2016; 181(11):1410-1412.
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Kirsch DL, Price LR, Nichols F, Marksberry JA and Platoni KT. Efficacy of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation for Anxiety, PTSD, Insomnia, and Depression: US Military Service Members and Veterans Self Reports. The Army Medical Department Journal. October-December 2014:46-54.
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Alfred G. Bracciano, Wen-Pin Chang, Stephanie Kokesh, Abe Martinez, Melissa Meier & Kathleen Moore. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study of Two Military Veterans. Journal of Neurotherapy, 16(1): 60-69, 2012.
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Randomized Controlled Trials
Hong JK, Yoon IY. Efficacy of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on mood and sense of well-being in people with subclinical insomnia. Journal of Sleep Research. 2023 June:13978. DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13978. PMID: 37366366.
Chang WD, Tsou YA, Chen YY, Hung BL. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation to Improve the Physiology and Psychology Response, Response-Ability, and Sleep Efficiency in Athletes with Poor Sleep Quality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022 Feb;19(4):1946. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19041946. PMID: 35206134; PMCID: PMC8871707.
Kwon, D. R., Park, J. A., Lee, Y. S., Kwak, J. H., Do, J. K., & Kim, J. E. (2021). Synergic Effects of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation with Sleep Hygiene in Patients with Chronic Insomnia. J Sleep Med, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.13078/jsm.19029
Qin, S., Sheng, J., Guo, W., Zhang, X. Curative effect of CES as adjuvant therapy on elderly patients with chronic insomnia. Practical Geriatrics. 2013; Vol. 27, No. 5:399-402.
Lande, R. Gregory and Gragnani, Cynthia. Efficacy of cranial electric stimulation for the treatment of insomnia: A randomized pilot study. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 21(1):8-13, 2013.
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Open Clinic Trials
Yennurajalingam S, Kang D-H, Hwu W-J, Padhye NS, Masino C, Dibaj SS, Liu DD, Williams JL, Lu Z, Bruera E. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for the management of depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and pain in patients with advanced cancer: a preliminary study. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. E-published ahead of print, September, 2017.
Rickabaugh K, Johnson T, Martin S, Jones C and Onifer D. A Retrospective review of patient perception of Alpha-Stimulation treatment. Poster presented at The Military Health System Symposium in Kissimmee, Florida. 2016; August 15-18.
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Case Series and Reports
Hare, Jean P., Misialek, Leah H., Palis, Katy and Wong, Charmin. Using Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation Therapy to Treat Behavioral Health Symptoms in a Combat Operational Setting. Military Medicine. 2016; 181(11):1410-1412.
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Kirsch DL, Price LR, Nichols F, Marksberry JA and Platoni KT. Efficacy of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation for Anxiety, PTSD, Insomnia, and Depression: US Military Service Members and Veterans Self Reports. The Army Medical Department Journal. October-December 2014:46-54.
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Clark, Nancy, Mills, Daniel & Marchant, Jeremy. Evaluation of the potential efficacy of the Alpha-Stim SCS in the Horse. DeMontfort University Equestrian Centre and Field Station, Caythorpe, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom. January, 2000.
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Randomized Controlled Trials
Patel S, Boutry C, Patel P, et al. A randomised controlled trial investigating the clinical and cost-effectiveness of Alpha-Stim AID cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) in patients seeking treatment for moderate severity depression in primary care (Alpha-Stim-D Trial). Trials. 2022 Apr;23(1):250. DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06192-1. PMID: 35379314; PMCID: PMC8978160.
Gao, C., Kong, S., Duan, H., Yang, Z., Li, D. Effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on suicidal ideation and event-related potentials in patients with treatment-resistant depression. China Journal of Health Psychology. 2021; 29(2):183-188.
Ren, W., Chunwei, W., Peijun, G., Haonan, S., Ying, X. (2019). Clinical efficacy of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for mild to moderate postpartum depression. Chinese Journal of Reproductive Health. 30(5).
Lyu, X. Effect of CES combined with escitalopram on quality of life and activities of daily living of patients with depression after cerebral infarction. Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases, 21(22), 2018.
Bie, H., Ren, L., & Li, X. A control study of a hypnotic drug plus cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of insomnia. Journal Clinical Psychosomatic Disorders. 2016; Vol 22, No. 3:17-20.
Luo, H.-D., Luo, H.-L., & Hong, L.-F. (2015). Comparative Observation between Single Use of Fluoxetine and Its Combination with CES – Alpha-Stim.
Lyon D, Kelly D, Walter J, et al. Randomized sham controlled trial of cranial microcurrent stimulation for symptoms of depression, anxiety, pain, fatigue and sleep disturbances in women receiving chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer. Springerplus. 2015 ;4:369. DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1151-z. PMID: 26435889; PMCID: PMC4584261.
Wei, Y., Yang, Z., Pan, H., Zhao, S.-J., & Fang, J.-Z. (2014). Clinical Efficacy of Assisted Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation Treatment on Depression – Alpha-Stim. https://alpha-stim.com/clinical-efficacy-of-assisted-cranial-electrotherapy-stimulation-treatment-on-depression/
Barclay TH, Barclay RD. A clinical trial of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for anxiety and comorbid depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 164:171-177, 2014. Presented at the American Psychological Association National Conference, Honolulu, HI, July 2013.
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Amr, Mostafa, El-Wasify, Mahmoud, Elmaadawi, Ahmed, Roberts, Jeannie, and El-Mallakn, Rif. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronically Symptomatic Bipolar Patients. Journal of ECT, 29(2): 31-32, 2013.
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Mellen, Ronald R. and Mackey, Wade. Reducing Sheriff’s Officers’ Symptoms of Depression Using Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES): A Control Experimental Study. The Correctional Psychologist, 41(1):9-15, 2009.
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Chen Yixin, Yu Lin, Zhang Jiuping, Li Lejia, Chen Tunong, Chen Yi. Results of cranial electrotherapy stimulation to children with mixed anxiety and depressive disorder. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 19(4):203-205, 2007.
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Open Clinic Trials
Morriss R, Price L. Differential effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on changes in anxiety and depression symptoms over time in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020, 277: 785-788.
Platoni K, Oakley R, Haltiwanger SG, Kirsch TB, Marksberry J and Price LR. First responder research shows that electrical brain stimulation helps control anxiety, insomnia, and depression. JJ Psych Behav Sci. 2019; 6(1): 25-31.
Kirsch TB, Kuhn J, Price LR, Marksberry J, Haltiwanger SG. A novel medical device that relieves anxiety, depression and pain while improving sleep in a population of teachers. Journal of Depression and Anxiety. 2019; 8:334.
Morrow DJ, Fischer EP, Walder AM, Jubran NI. Nonopioid Alternatives to Addressing Pain Intensity: A Retrospective Look at Two Noninvasive Pain Treatment Devices. Federal Practitioner. 2019, 36(4):181-187.
Yennurajalingam S, Kang D-H, Hwu W-J, Padhye NS, Masino C, Dibaj SS, Liu DD, Williams JL, Lu Z, Bruera E. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for the management of depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and pain in patients with advanced cancer: a preliminary study. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. E-published ahead of print, September, 2017.
Rickabaugh K, Johnson T, Martin S, Jones C and Onifer D. A Retrospective review of patient perception of Alpha-Stimulation treatment. Poster presented at The Military Health System Symposium in Kissimmee, Florida. 2016; August 15-18.
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Bystritsky, A., Kerwin, L., Feusner, J. A pilot study of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69:412-417, 2008.
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Lu XY, Wang AH, Li Y, Zhang JS, Liu BX. Safety and effectiveness of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in treating children with emotional disorders. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation, 9(8):96-7, 2005.
Download article in English or Download article in Chinese
Case Series and Reports
Hare, Jean P., Misialek, Leah H., Palis, Katy and Wong, Charmin. Using Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation Therapy to Treat Behavioral Health Symptoms in a Combat Operational Setting. Military Medicine. 2016; 181(11):1410-1412. Download Article
Kirsch DL, Price LR, Nichols F, Marksberry JA and Platoni KT. Efficacy of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation for Anxiety, PTSD, Insomnia, and Depression: US Military Service Members and Veterans Self Reports. The Army Medical Department Journal. October-December 2014:46-54. Download Article
Randomized Controlled Trials
Ahn H, Galle K, Mathis KB, et al. Feasibility and efficacy of remotely supervised cranial electrical stimulation for pain in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled pilot study. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2020 Jul;77:128-133. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.05.003. PMID: 32402609; PMCID: PMC7308202.
Taylor, Ann Gill, Anderson, Joel G., Riedel, Shannon L., Lewis, Jante E., Kinser, Patricia A., and Bourguignon, Cheryl. Cranial electrical stimulation improves symptoms and functional status in individuals with fibromyalgia. Pain Management Nursing, 2013 Dec;14(4):327-335.
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Taylor, Ann Gill, Anderson, Joel G., Riedel, Shannon L., Lewis, Janet E. and Bourguignon, Cheryl. A randomized, controlled, double-blind pilot study of the effects of cranial electrical stimulation on activity in brain pain processing regions in individuals with fibromyalgia. Explore, 9(1):32-40, 2013.
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Tan, Gabriel, Rintala, Diana, Jensen, Mark P., Richards, J. Scott, Holmes, Sally Ann, Parachuri, Rama, Lashgari-Saegh, Shamsi and Price, Larry R. Efficacy of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury: a multi-site randomized controlled trial with a secondary 6-month open-label phase. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 34(3):285-296, 2011.
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Rintala, Diana H., Tan, Gabriel, Willson, Pamela , Bryant, Mon S., and Lai, Eugene C. H. Feasibility of Using Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation for Pain in Persons with parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s Disease. 8 pages, 2010.
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Tan, Gabriel, Rintala, Diana H., Thornby, John, Yang, June, Wade, Walter, and Vasilev, Christine. Using Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation to Treat Pain Associated with Spinal Cord Injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 43(4):461-474, 2006. Presented at the South Central VA Health Care Network’s Pain Management Initiative 2nd Annual Pain Management Symposium: Campaign Against Pain. Jackson, Mississippi, April 7, 2006.
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Cork, Randall C., Wood, Patrick, Ming, Norbert, Shepherd, Clifton, Eddy, James, Price, Larry The Effect of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) on Pain Associated with Fibromyalgia. The Internet Journal of Anesthesiology, 8(2), 2004.
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Tan, G., Rintala, D., Herrington, R., Yang, J., Wade, W., Vasilev, C. and Shanti, B.F. Treating Spinal Cord Injury Pain With Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 26(3), 2003. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Paraplegia Society, Las Vegas, Nevada, September 2-4, 2003.
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Sizer P, Sawyer S, Brismee J, Jones K, Bruce J, Slauterbeck J. The Effect of Microcurrent Stimulation on Postoperative Pain After Patellar Tendon-Bone Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Presented at the American Physical Therapy Association Annual Conference and Exposition, Indianapolis, Indiana; June, 2000.
Lichtbroun, Alan S., Raicer, Mei-Ming C., and Smith, Ray B. The Treatment of Fibromyalgia with Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology, 7(2):72-78, 2001. Presented at the Fifteenth Annual International Symposium on Acupuncture and Electro-Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, October 1999.
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Heffernan, Michael. The Effect of Variable Microcurrents on EEG Spectrum and Pain Control. Canadian Journal of Clinical Medicine, 4(10):4-11, 1997.
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Zimmerman, Stephen I, & Lerner, Fred N. Biofeedback and Electromedicine Reduce the Cycle of Pain Spasm Pain in Low Back Patients. Medical Electronics, 117:108-120, June 1989. Doctoral dissertation (SZ), City University Los Angeles, 284 pages, 1987.
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Brotman, Philip. Low-intensity transcranial electrostimulation improves the efficacy of thermal biofeedback and quieting reflex training in the treatment of classical migraine headache. American Journal of Electromedicine, 6(5):120-123, 1989. Doctoral dissertation, City University Los Angeles, 117 pages, 1986.
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Roth, Peter M, & Thrash, William J. Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Controlling Pain Associated with Orthodontic Tooth Movement. American Journal of Orthodontics, 90(2):132-138, 1986.
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Open Clinic Trials
Yennurajalingam S, Kang D-H, Hwu W-J, Padhye NS, Masino C, Dibaj SS, Liu DD, Williams JL, Lu Z, Bruera E. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for the management of depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and pain in patients with advanced cancer: a preliminary study. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. E-published ahead of print, September, 2017.
Tan, Gabriel, Dao, Tam K., Smith, Donna L., Robinson, Andrew and Jensen, Mark P. Incorporating Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Therapies to Expand Psychological Services to Veterans Suffering From Chronic Pain. Psychological Services, 7(3):148–161, 2010.
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Holubec, Jerry T Cumulative Response From Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) for Chronic Pain. Practical Pain Management, 9(9):80-83, 2009.
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Kulkarni, Arun D. The Use of Microcurrent Electrical Therapy and Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in Pain Control. Clinical Practice of Alternative Medicine.2(2):99-102, 2001.
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Case Series and Reports
Keizer B, Sposato L, and Yancosek K. A Progressive Treatment for a Chronic Progressive Disease: The War Against Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. The Pain Practitioner. 2016; 6(1):26-31.
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Kirsch DL, Price LR, Nichols F, Marksberry JA and Platoni KT. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation: Treatment of Pain and Headache in Military Population. Practical Pain Management, 15(8):57-64, 2015.
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Smith, Ray B. Is Microcurrent Stimulation Effective in Pain Management? An Additional Perspective. American Journal of Pain Management, 11(2):62-66, 2001.
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Alper EJ, Kirsch DL. A Patient With Traumatic Brain Injury and Full Body Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Treated with Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation. American Journal of Pain Management, 8(4): 123-128.
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Bauer, William. Electrical Treatment of Severe Head and Neck Cancer Pain. Archives of Otolaryngology, 109(6):382-383, 1983.
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Brandes-Aitken A, Gerdes M, Hattangadi N, Shapiro KA, Marco EJ. An Open-Label Study of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation on Behavioral Regulation in a Mixed Neurodevelopmental Clinical Cohort. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience. 2023 Aug;22(5):119. DOI: 10.31083/j.jin2205119. PMID: 37735126.
Bao C, Wei M, Pan H, et al. A preliminary study for the clinical effect of one combinational physiotherapy and its potential influence on gut microbial composition in children with Tourette syndrome. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2023 ;10:1184311. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1184311. PMID: 37781119; PMCID: PMC10541309.
Woodbury, A., Denmon, C., Ree, A., & Stevens, J. (2023). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in veterans with fibromyalgia using neuroimaging as a biomarker. Brain Stimulation, 16(1), 275.
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Wang, M., Feng, T., Jiang, H., Zhu, J., Feng, W., Chhatbar, P. Y., Zhang, J., & S. (2022). In vivo Measurements of Electric Fields During Cranial Electrical Stimulation in the Human Brain. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 16, 41.
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Kim, J., Kim, H., Kim, D. H., Lee, S. K., Roh, J. Y., Kim, C. H., Chang, J. G., & Roh, D. (2021). Effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation with novel in-ear electrodes on anxiety and resting-state brain activity: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 295, 856–864.
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Khyatee, Sarkar, A., & Aggarwal, R. (2020). Impact of Cranial Electrical Stimulation on Statistical Indices of Time Domain Parameters of Heart Rate Variability in Hypertensive Individuals. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 11(3), 157-163.
Khyatee, S., Sarkar, A., & Aggarwal, R. (2019). Impact of Cranial Electrical Stimulation Based Analysis of Heart Rate Variability in Insomnia. Communications in Computer and Information Science, 922 CCIS, 296–307.
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Lande GR and Gragnani CT. Prospective Study of Brain Wave Changes Associated with Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation. Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. 2018; 20(1).
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Roh HT, So WY. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation affects mood state but not levels of peripheral neurotrophic factors or hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis regulation. Technology and Health Care : Official Journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine. 2017 ;25(3):403-412. DOI: 10.3233/thc-161275. PMID: 27886020.
Gong BY, Ma HM, Zang XY, et al. Efficacy of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation Combined with Biofeedback Therapy in Patients with Functional Constipation. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility. 2016 Jul;22(3):497-508. DOI: 10.5056/jnm15089. PMID: 26932836; PMCID: PMC4930306.
Qiao Jainping, Weng Shenhong, Wang Pengwei, Long Jun, and Wang Zhishun. Normalization of Intrinsic Neural Circuits Governing Tourette’s Syndrome Using Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation. Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 2015 May;62(5): 1272-80.
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Schummer, G. J., Noh, S. M., & Mendoza, J. J. (2013). The Effect of Neurofeedback and Cranial Electrotherapy on Immune Function Within a Group of HIV+ Subjects: A Controlled Study. Journal of Neurotherapy, 17(3), 151-160.
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Datta A, Dmochowski JP, Guleyupoglu B, Bikson M, Fregni F. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation and transcranial pulsed current stimulation: a computer based high-resolution modeling study. Neuroimage. 2013 Jan 15;65:280-7. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.062. Epub 2012 Oct 5. PMID: 23041337.
Feusner, J. D., Madsen, S., Moody, T. D., Bohon, C., Hembacher, E., Bookheimer, S. Y. and Bystritsky. Effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on resting state brain activity. Brain and Behavior. Pp 1-10, 2012.
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Kennerly, Richard. Changes in Quantitative EEG and Low Resolution Tomography Following Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation. Ph.D. Dissertation, the University of North Texas. 529 pp., 81 tables, 233 figures, 171 references, 2006.
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Kennerly, Richard. QEEG Analysis of Cranial Electrotherapy: A Pilot Study. Journal of Neurotherapy (8)2, 2004. Presented at the International Society for Neuronal Regulation annual conference, September 18-21, 2003 in Houston, Texas.
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Schroeder, M.J., and Barr, R.E. Quantitative Analysis of Electroencephalogram During Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology. 112:2075-2083, 2001. Doctoral dissertation, The Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin, 191 pages, 1999.
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Heffernan, Michael Comparative Effects of Microcurrent Stimulation on EEG Spectrum and Correlation Dimension. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 31(3):202-209, 1996.
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Price, L., Briley, J., Haltiwanger, S. and Hitching, R. A Meta-Analysis of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2021; (135), 119-134.
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Price LR, Briley J, Hitching R. A Meta-Analyses of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Insomnia. Annals of Psychiatry and Mental Health. 2020; 8(3): 1157.
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Aseem A., Hussain M.E. Impact of Cranial Electrostimulation on Sleep: A Systematic Review. Sleep Vigilance. 2019; 3: 101–112.
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Ryall, Jo-Ellyn. FDA moving toward CES neuromodulation approval for home use: are we ready? Missouri Psychiatry. First Quarter- 2017: 3.
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O’Hara, Christiane and Putnam, Helen (Netta). Sleep: the missing link. Sleep assessment and interventions for combat veterans with disrupted sleep. Combat Stress; 6(1): 3-18.
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Scarff, Jonathan R. When to consider cranial electrotherapy stimulation for patients with PTSD. Current Psychiatry. 2017; 16(2): 27-28.
Massoumi L. Benefits of Alpha-Stim. The Carlat Report: Psychiatry. 2016; 14(11 &12): 1,4-5.
Moehringer J and Knabe MB. Transdermal electrical neurostimulation therapies in psychiatry: A review of the evidence. Psychiatric Annals, 46(10):589-593. Posted October 11, 2016.
Libretto S, Hilton L, Gordon S, and Zhang W. Effects of Integrative PTSD Treatment in a Military Health Setting. Energy Psychology. 2015; 7(2):33-44.
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Anderson, Joel G., Kebaish, Samy A., Lewis, Janet E., and Taylor, Ann G. Effects of Cranial Electrical Stimulation on Activity in Regions of the Basal Ganglia in Individuals with Fibromyalgia. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20(3): 206-207, 2014.
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Horowitz, Sala. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cranial electrotherapy stimulation. Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 19(4):188-193, 2013.
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Kirsch, Daniel L. and Nichols, Francine. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for treatment of anxiety, depression and insomnia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 36(1):169-176, 2013.
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Farina Woodbury, Michael A. Efecto de la Microcorriente Sobre Síntomas, de Ansiedad, Depresión, Insomnio y Dolor. Galanus, 1(5):15-18, 2008.
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Kirsch, Daniel L. CES for mild traumatic brain injury. Practical Pain Management, 8(6):70-77, 2008.
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Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. CES in the treatment of addictions: A review and meta-analysis. Practical Pain Management, 7(9):73-79, 2007.
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Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. CES in the Treatment of Insomnia: A Review and Meta-Analysis Practical Pain Management, 7(7):28-39, 2007.
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Tan Gabriel and Jensen Mark P. Integrating Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Into Multidisciplinary Chronic Pain Treatment. In Multidisciplinary Chronic Pain Management: a Guidebook for Program Development and Excellence of Treatment. Schatman and Campbell (editors), Taylor & Francis, Pp. 75-99, 2007.
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Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Depression – Part 1. Practical Pain Management, 7(4):33-41, 2007.
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Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall.Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Depression – Part 2. Practical Pain Management, 7(5):32-40, 2007.
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Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. A Review and Meta-Analysis of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders – Part 1. Practical Pain Management, 7(2):40-47, 2007.
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Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: Statistical Considerations – Part 2. Practical Pain Management, 7(3):22-39, 2007.
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Kirsch, Daniel L. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation For the Treatment of Anxiety, Depression, Insomnia and Other Conditions. Insert: Giordano, James. Illustrating how CES works. Natural Medicine, 23:118-120, 2006.
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Gilula, Marshall F. and Barach, Paul R. Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation: a Safe Neuromedical Treatment for Anxiety, Depression or Insomnia. Southern Medical Journal. 97(12):1269-1270, 2004.
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Kirsch, Daniel L. and Smith, Ray B. The use of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the management of chronic pain: a review. NeuroRehabilitation, 14(2):85-94, 2000.
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Kirsch, Daniel L. Electromedical Treatment of Headaches Practical Pain Management, 6(8):58-65, 2006.
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Kirsch, Daniel L. Microcurrent Electrical Therapy (MET): A Tutorial Practical Pain Management, 6(7):59-64, 2006.
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Kirsch, Daniel L. A Practical Protocol for Electromedical Treatment of Pain. Chapter 61 in Pain Management: A Practical Guide for Clinicians (the textbook of the American Academy of Pain Management) edited by Richard S. Weiner, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2002
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Murphey C, Carter P, Price LR, Champion JD, Nichols F. Psychological Distress in Healthy Low-Risk First-Time Mothers during the Postpartum Period: An Exploratory Study. Nursing Research and Practice. 2017 ;2017:8415083. DOI: 10.1155/2017/8415083. PMID: 28191350; PMCID: PMC5278222.
Tan C, Wang J, Yin J, Cao G, Qiu J. The effect of short-term cranial electrotherapy stimulation on sleep quality in athletes: A pilot study. Medicine. 2023 Sep;102(35):e34725. DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034725. PMID: 37657007; PMCID: PMC10476715.
Grewal, H., Zhuang, C., Iqbal, M., Ur Rehman, B. A., Norton, J., Vernon, C. M., Deol, S., & Brose, S. W. (2023). Integrative approach for women with fibromyalgia in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center: An observational study. Medicine, 102(50), e36285.
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Bailey, E. (2023). Identifying practice guidelines for cranial electrical stimulation with adolescents with opioid use disorder (Order No. 30687084). Available From ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I. (2900122695)
Mayberry, K. E. (2023). Systematic Review of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation Treatment of PTSD With Veteran and Military Populations (Doctoral dissertation, California Southern University).
Rustad, J. K., Waaland, R. P., Sippel, L. M., Martinez-Camblor, P., Kohrman, S. I., Samuel Landsman, H., Buckley, K., & Holtzheimer, P. E. (2022). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: A feasibility, safety, and preliminary efficacy study. Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry, 35–36, 100096.
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James K. Rustad, Ryan P. Waaland, Lauren M. Sippel, Pablo Martinez-Camblor, Samuel I. Kohrman, H. Samuel Landsman, Krista Buckley, Paul E. Holtzheimer,
Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: A feasibility, safety, and preliminary efficacy study, Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry, 35–36, 2022,
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Li, B., Jin, X., Xiong, H. Effect of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation Combined with Biofeedback on Symptoms, Depression, Anxiety and Quality of Life of Patients with Functional Constipation. China Journal of Health Psychology. 2018; 26(4).
Mark L. Johnson, Eugenia Bodenhamer-Davis, and Michael S. Gates. Neuromodulation Methods to Suppress Tinnitus in
Somatosensory Subtypes: A Case Series. Neuroregulation, Vol. 3(4):150–161, 2016.
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Libretto, Salvatore, et. al. Effects of integrative PTSD treatment in a military health setting. Energy Psychology 7:2, 33-44, November 2015.
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Jarczok, M. N., Kleber, M. E., Koenig, J., Loerbroks, A., Herr, R. M., Hoffmann, K., Fischer, J. E., Benyamini, Y., & Thayer, J. F. (2015). Investigating the associations of self-rated health: heart rate variability is more strongly associated than inflammatory and other frequently used biomarkers in a cross sectional occupational sample. PloS one, 10(2), e0117196.
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Lee In Ho, Seo Eun Jung, and Lim In Soo. Effects of aquatic exercise and CES treatment on the changes of cognitive function, BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF of persons with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Exercise Nutrition and Biochemistry, 2014;18(1):19-24.
Kong, J., Wu, J., Jiang, X., et al. Treatment of Sleep Disorder with Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation Combined with Psychological Counseling in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Study. Chinese Journal of Medicinal Guide. 2014; 921, 16(6):(Serial No.128)
Čupriks, L., Vimbsons, V., & Čuprika, A. (2013). Cranial Electrical Stimulation in Fitness with Weightlifting Tools. LASE Journal of Sport Science, 7(1), 19-30.
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Johnson, Mark, Bodenhamer-Davis, Eugenia, and Bailey, Laurie. Neurofeedback, cranial electrotherapy stimulation and microcurrent electrical stimulation to treat tinnitus: a case series. Poster presented at Helping the Brain Help Us, the 18th Annual meeting of the International Society for Neurotherapy and Research, Denver, Colorado, September 29-October 3, 2010.
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Eidelman, William S. Control of cigarette cravings with cranial electrotherapy stimulation. The Townsend Letter for Doctors, 311(6): 81-85, 2009.
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Bystritsky, Alexander, Moody, Teena, Hembacher, Emily, Hoffman, Jordan, Moller, Hayley, Feusner, Jamie. Effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on brain activity in the resting state. Poster presented at the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ACNP), Hollywood, Florida, December 8, 2009.
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Kirsch, Daniel L. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation as a proven effective treatment for fibromyalgia. Townsend Letter. 25(1): 75-79, 2008.
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Mellen, Ronald R. and Mitchell, Stephanie. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation: a case study. The Correctional Psychologist, 40(4):4-8, 2008.
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Childs, Allen and Price, Larry. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation reduces aggression in violent neuropsychiatric patients. Primary Psychiatry, 14(3):50-56, 2007.
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Smith, Ray B. The use of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The Original Internist, 9(3):25-28, September, 2002.
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Smith, Ray B. Microcurrent therapies: emerging theories of physiological information processing. NeuroRehabilitation, 17(1):3-7, 2002.
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Tyers, Steve and Smith, Ray B. A comparison of cranial electrotherapy stimulation alone or with chiropractic therapies in the treatment of fibromyalgia.The American Chiropractor, 23(2):39-41, 2001.
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Smith, Ray B. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of stress related cognitive dysfunction, with an eighteen month follow up. Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation, 17(6):14-18, 1999.
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McClure, Mark W., and Morehead, Kenneth. A pilot study of the use of microcurrent stimulation in the treatment of interstitial cystitis. October, 1999.
Voris, Marshall D. and Good, Shirley. Treating sexual offenders using cranial electrotherapy stimulation. Medical Scope Monthly. 3(11):14-18, 1996.
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May, Brad, et. al. Pilot project using the Alpha-Stim 100 for drug and alcohol abuse. August, 1993.
King, GE, et al. Electrotherapy and hyperbaric oxygen: promising treatments for postradiation complications. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 62(3):331-334, 1989. Also published in the book, Emerging Electromagnetic Medicine, 283-289, edited by ME O’Conner, RHC Bentall and JC Monahan, Springer Verlag, New York, 1990.
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Boswell, NS. Neuroelectric therapy eliminates xerostomia during radiotherapy – A case history. Medical Electronics, 115:105-107, February, 1989.
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Madden, R, et. al. Low intensity electrostimulation improves human learning of a psychomotor task. American Journal of Electromedicine, 4(2):41-45, 1987. Doctoral dissertation, City University Los Angeles, 95 pages, 1987. Presented at The New Brain Technologies and Accelerated Learning Conference at the University of Hawaii, April, 1987.
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Engelberg, M, et. al. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation for tinnitus. Laryngoscope, 95(10):1,167-1,173, 1985. Presented at the Meeting of the Southern Section of the American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, New Orleans, Louisiana, January, 1985.
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Nolan, FF. The effects of transcutaneous electrical stimulation on the orthodontic movement of teeth. Masters thesis, The University of Texas, Health Science Center at Houston, Dental Branch, 49 pages, 1985.
Boswell, NS, et. al. Noninvasive electrical stimulation for the treatment of radiotherapy side effects. American Journal of Electromedicine, 2(3), 1985. Presented at the International Conference on Head and Neck Cancer, Baltimore, Maryland, July, 1984.
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Brovar, Alan. Cocaine detoxification with cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES): A preliminary appraisal. International Electromedicine Institute Newsletter, 1(4), July/Aug, 1984. Also in Brain/Mind Bulletin, 9(14), August, 1984.
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Lerner, Fred N, et. al. A doubleblind comparative study of microstimulation and placebo effect in short term treatment of the chronic back pain patient. Journal of the American Chiropractic Association, 15(11):101-106, 1981.
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